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Related Topics
 
         7. Electricity and Magnetism
         8. Quantum Mechanics
         9. Gravitation and Light
        10. Mass-Energy Conversion
        11. Dark Matter
        12. Black Holes
        13. Verification Tests
           a. Acceleration
           b. Michelson-Morley
           c. Free Fall
           d. Varying EMR Velocities
        14. The Aetheric Domain
        15. Einstein and the Aether



          7. ELECTRICITY and MAGNETISM

  (Feb.2004.  Since this section was written, it has become apparent
  that one additional EM dimension as postulated is not sufficent to
  deal with both electric and magnetic phenomena.  Two additional
  dimensions, an E-dimension and an M-dimension would be better able
  to handle the notations of further investigations.)

 Compared to the simpler gravitational case, the aetheric mechanics of 
the forces of electricity and magnetism are complicated.  Where three 
dimensions can accommodate gravitational mechanics, something equivalent 
to a fourth (or fifth) dimension needs to be postulated for the positive 
and negative forces of EM.  With gravitation, the aetheric drawdowns that 
sustain bodies can be considered neutrally located on this fourth 
aetheric dimension.  The protons and electrons, which may each have a 
displacement on the dimension, cancel in the aggregate.  With gross EM 
forces, the drawdowns and their resulting pressure gradients will have 
positive and negative aspects that do not cancel and there will be an 
overall bias on the postulated aetheric EM dimension.  The gradients on 
this dimension can be many times greater than any coexisting gravitation 
producing gradient.

  As with the gravitational case, the EM forces on a body are local, 
within the aetheric environment of the body subject to the forces.  
A magnet, through its gravitation drawdown, and the much stronger 
positive biased and negative biased drawdowns, will generate pressure 
gradients that manifest forces on a ferromagnetic object, like a non-
magnetic piece of iron.  The iron will be subject to forces due to the 
strong gradients from the magnet.  The magnet will be equally attracted 
to the iron, although it is not obvious why this should be the case.  

  Intrinsic responding aspects in material are those inherent features
of the material that respond to externally generated gradients.  Those  
aspects exist due to their own aetheric drawdowns, and so generate their 
own gradients in the surrounding space.

  There are multiple forces acting through drawdown-induced gradients 
from the magnet, and multiple responding intrinsic aspects in the iron, 
but for simplified illustration purposes each set can be combined 
conceptually into single notational variables.  The iron generates 
gradients of its own, and the magnet responds with its own aspects.

Let the magnet's EM gradient value = Mg/(r*r)
  at a distance r.

The magnet's EM aspects generating gradient value = Mg.

Let the iron's EM gradient value = Ir/(r*r).

The iron's own EM aspects generating gradients = Ir.

The force on the iron will then be proportional to its own weak 
responding aspects times the strong gradients from the magnet, and 

     Force on iron =  Ir * Mg/(r*r).

Similarly, the force on the magnet will be in proportion to its strong 
responding aspects times the weak gradients from the iron, and

     Force on magnet =  Mg * Ir/(r*r),

and the forces are equal,   

     Ir * Mg/(r*r) =  Mg * Ir/(r*r).

  As with the gravitational case of unequal masses, there is, with the 
iron and the magnet, a weak aspect times a strong gradient, and a strong 
aspect times a weak gradient.  The responding aspect in each body exists 
due to its own existence, drawdown, and its generated EM gradients.  
The result of this reciprocity is that the EM forces, as shown in this 
example, are local, distinct, and equal.

  As with the case of gravitation, this can be derived as the product of 
intersecting drawdowns, and

     F(Ir,Mg) =  -Ir/r * -Mg/r  
              =   Ir*Mg/(r*r) 

but, as with gravitation, this formulation does not highlight the 
separateness of the forces and their distinct and local nature.



          8. QUANTUM MECHANICS

  With the concept of the wave basis of particles, quantum mechanics is 
looking into the aetheric basis of their existence.  It is here that the 
wave basis of particles, electromagnetic radiation, and the fundamental 
forces have their origins and their interactions.  The aetheric domain is 
postulated to be a metric space, point by point manifesting the physical 
domain it supports.

  A hypothesis of quantum mechanics is that empty space has a non-zero 
energy level.  A region of empty space in the physical universe is the 
manifestation of a simple expanse in the aetheric domain which does 
indeed have a high non-zero energy component.  The aether at its nominal
high level has a nominal energy level.  This is the Higgs field.  Where 
the aether supports the existence of physical material, some of that 
aetheric energy is taken up by the mass and is locked up in its 
existence.  

  Two problems in quantum mechanics, nonlocality and the Pauli exclusion 
principle, seem to be related in that both involve some kind of 
instantaneous effects through space on electrons.  They are much more 
tractable if considered as residual effects, contained within the aether, 
that affect other electrons moving through that same volume.  For 
exclusion, the characteristic quantum numbers of an electron may imprint 
the aether with a configuration that inhibits another electron's passage. 
An electron that moves into the shell or orbital may take on 
characteristics that the aether there allows.  The aether is the "ambient 
field" or the Higgs field that some researchers have postulated.

  The phenomena described in Special Relativity will be explained in 
terms of the effects that acceleration to high velocity has on the body's 
aetheric drawdown.  For example, the mass increase at higher velocity 
results from the take-up of aether by the particles.  As this aether is 
removed from the volume surrounding the body's particles, the lessened 
aetheric substance results in a shortening of length in the direction of 
movement.  The aetheric mechanics responsible for these changes are 
working during acceleration, not during high velocity as such.  The force 
applied to accelerate causes pressure gradients that probably prompt the 
changes.  The aetheric foundation of both QM and SR will be the feature 
that unites them.

  QM currently needs to postulate the existence of a molasses-like 
substance underlying all things.  This, with the Higgs field, hidden 
variables, the wave basis of particles, non-zero energy levels in empty 
space, and quantum numbers, all suggest the existence of the tensile, 
luminiferous aether.



          9. GRAVITATION and LIGHT

  Gravity waves and light waves propagate at the same speed because 
they move through the same medium, and that medium is the aether of the 
Unified Field.  Light is strictly a wave phenomenon and has no manifested 
mass until the wave impinges on material which prompts the coalescing of 
photons or the raising of electron energy levels. 

  Light bends around a massive body not because the wave has mass, 
but because the aetheric medium decreases in density closer to the body, 
and this affects the wave propagation through it.  The light wave going 
through the aether closest to the massive body moves slower than the wave 
an increment farther away.  Just as waves do in more familiar physical 
situations, the wave front does not respond by continuing to move in the 
same direction with differential velocities, but instead bends in the 
direction of the slower movement.

  The way that light waves in the aether behave in the same way as wave 
phenomena in the physical realm suggests that it may be possible to 
discover characteristics about the aether by inferences based on the 
mechanics of wave propagation.  The velocity of the propagation of 
longitudinal waves in the physical universe is given by the formula

      v = sqrt( bulk modulus / density ).

If this holds similarly for the aether, then the limiting velocity c, the 
speed of gravity waves and light waves, indicates the bulk modulus is 
high and the density of the medium is low.  As here, a lower density can 
mean an even lower bulk modulus, so wave velocity can decrease with 
decreasing density.  But the high bulk modulus indicates that the aether 
has a strong resistance to a change in volume, and this is in agreement 
with the way the aether does not move immediately to equalize pressure 
where there is an aetheric pressure gradient.  Also, transverse waves 
require a somewhat rigid medium, and the existence of transverse light 
waves supports the hypothesis of a somewhat rigid tensile aether.         



          10. MASS-ENERGY CONVERSION

  If a body undergoes a 100 percent mass to energy conversion, its energy 
is returned to the aether as the mass disappears.  The shock wave that 
propagates through space is the wave front of the sudden change in the 
aetheric density to a higher level.  The mass is converted to energy, and 
prompts a rise in the aetheric domain's energy level.  The implication is 
again that the aether itself, which can be represented point by point as 
empty space in the physical universe, has a non-zero energy level.

  Physical material exists by coalescing aetheric substance, drawing its 
energy from the aether, and the resulting aetheric drawdown sustains its 
existence.  A mass to energy conversion will return the energy to the 
aether by raising the aether's density and pressure back up toward the 
nominal level.



          11. DARK MATTER 

    The dark matter issue is one of those problems that resolves easily, 
once the aetheric foundation of the universe is appreciated and 
understood.  The answer is in the configuration of the galactic aetheric 
drawdown.  The overall drawdown of aetheric substance is the cumulative 
sum of all the drawdowns of all the particles in the stars and material 
of the galaxy.  If the galactic drawdown is plotted in a diagram, a 
bell-shaped curve results, with the greatest drawdown occurring in the 
mass of stars at the center.



Figure 5. The Galactic Drawdown.
    The drawdown of aetheric substance reduces the amount of aether 
remaining in that volume of space.  (The aether is not actually in the 
space, but is its hidden foundation.)  The aether in its basic state, 
undiminished by drawdowns, has a nominal high level of density and 
pressure.  Every atomic particle is the coalescing of some aetheric 
substance, and the aether is pulled a miniscule amount, and the ongoing 
drawdown results.  The particle has taken energy, density and pressure 
from the aether, and the aether's nominal high level has been reduced.  
The greater a concentration of mass in a volume of space, the less 
aetheric substance remains to form the density and pressure gradients 
that are the basis for gravitational force.

    The reduced aetheric pressure in the area of the galactic center 
means that less aether remains, and the pressure gradients that exist 
there are less than nominal.  Therefore the gravitational forces are less 
than would be otherwise expected.  But this severe drawdown extends, 
valued at any point by the summation of (-M(i)/r(i)), out past the 
periphery of the galaxy, and the stars of the periphery are moving in a 
strong gravitational field due to the steep slope of the drawdown there. 
The mass of stars at the galactic center is moving more slowly than 
expected, and the stars at the galactic periphery are moving faster than 
expected.

  So the strong drawdown necessary to support the existence of the mass 
of material of the galactic center reduces the aether remaining in the 
center to generate pressure gradients and the gravitational force in that 
volume of space.  But at the galactic periphery the depletion is much 
less, although the pressure gradients from the overall drawdown are 
strong.



          12. BLACK HOLES

  It is unlikely that there could be a mass concentration so dense that 
the aetheric density around the massive body would be reduced to zero, 
via an aggregate drawdown that totally depleted the aetheric energy in 
the immediate surrounding space.  But it is likely that the aetheric 
density could be reduced below some threshold level such that the wave 
propagation of light through it would no longer be viable.  And, at that 
reduced level, there might not be a sufficient density to sustain particles 
nearby the body.  Then a black hole would exist, not directly due to a 
strong gravitational flux, but to a collapse of the aether's ability to 
sustain particle's wave bases or the propagation of light.



          13. VERIFICATION TESTS 

  Verifying the aether's actual existence is difficult because any 
laboratory experiment is necessarily testing reality in the physical 
universe, and not directly within its aetheric foundation.  What is 
needed are experiments that produce results that are predicted based on 
the postulated aetheric mechanics, but have not been identified before as 
physical phenomena.

  a. ACCELERATION
  There is such a test involving the acceleration of a body.  As the 
accelerating force is applied, the force is matched by the pressure 
gradient in the aether that resists the acceleration.  If that force is 
suddenly ended, a pressure gradient will persist until the aether has 
adjusted to the new configuration of constant velocity.  That adjustment 
will take a small amount of time, and during that time the pressure will 
retard slightly the velocity that was attained.  So the test would be to 
see if there is a slight reduction in the velocity that was reached at 
the end of the acceleration.

  b. MICHELSON-MORLEY
  Another test is designed to determine the velocity of the earth through 
the aether.  The Michelson-Morley experiment was based on a series of 
single observations, each at a moment in time and in a laboratory 
setting.  An experiment is needed that can avoid the limitations that 
gave the Michelson-Morley experiment a negative result.  Such a test 
involves velocities of the test objects through a duration of time.  The 
test would send rocket-born space probes away from the earth in the six 
major axial directions.  Each probe would be equipped with an atomic 
clock, and they would all be set to an identical zero before being sent. 
This is a case where the addition of velocities does apply, as the earth 
and the probes move together through their aetheric foundation.  They 
would travel out some distance at the highest velocities attainable, then 
be turned around and returned to earth.  They would not have to travel in 
exact directions nor at identical speeds; rough equivalence would be 
enough.  The overall duration in time for all probes would not matter; 
the highest possible speeds are the critical factors.  Ideally, the 
clocks would be retrieved and compared in a laboratory.  If an actual 
return to earth were not practical, then simultaneous readings of the 
clocks could be made when they passed close by, with corrections for the 
time of signal travel.  Relativity corrections for the presence of solar 
system objects would be applied, and remaining clock time differences 
would imply movement of the earth and the solar system reference frame 
through the aether.

  This test would not prove the existence of the aether, as skeptics 
could still cling to notions of field effects or even particle exchange. 
But the demonstration of actual velocity through some medium should 
provoke a reconsideration of the existence of the aether.

  c. FREE FALL
  This test may not be possible, anymore than Einstein's elevator-in-
space experiment is testable.  But the principle may be applicable in 
less extreme conditions.  Velocity that is constant through space 
continues apparently unhindered, in that there is no drag inherent in the 
continuous update of the drawdown in the aether.  However, acceleration 
requires ongoing updating of the drawdown in the surrounding aether to 
the new configuration of the higher velocity.  In fact, this is the 
mechanism of inertia.  This updating is not instantaneous, and probably 
takes place at the characteristic wave speed of the aether, which is that 
of gravity waves and light.  It is possible that at high velocities, due 
to this retarded update of the drawdown configuration, the rate of 
acceleration will be slightly less than it was at the beginning of the 
free fall. 

  That is, the updating drawdown of the falling body is not keeping up 
instantaneously with the physical body, and the gravity-producing drawdown 
from the massive body is acting on the retarded drawdown of the falling 
body.

  d. VARYING EMR VELOCITIES
  Because of the inherent lag characteristics in the aether's internal 
movements, it is postulated that electromagnetic radiations, differing in 
frequencies, will also differ slightly in speed through the aetheric 
medium. There are examples in physical science where a wave with one 
speed will change speed as its frequency changes.  The different EMR 
speeds through the aether may differ so slightly that they can be 
detected only across astronomical distances.  For a single event, the 
differing EMR waves may vary in their arrival times here on earth by 
seconds or years, depending on the distance and whether the event is 
viewed with differing light waves, radio waves, or x-rays.



          14. The AETHERIC DOMAIN 

  Visualizing the aetheric domain can be difficult because it is distinct 
and not within the physical universe as such.  It can be thought of as in 
a dimension zero, not in the 3-dimensional universe.  It is the primary 
part of our aetheric domain / physical universe structure.  As it is the 
medium of light and heat radiation, we see and feel its operations, and 
as the medium of gravitation, we feel its effects.

  The physical universe could not exist without its basis in the aetheric 
domain.  It needs the aether's substance and energy from which to draw, 
and so coalesce the wave bases of particles.  And in drawing down from 
the aether, particles create the density and pressure gradients in the 
surrounding aether that are responsible for gravitation.  The aetheric 
domain, however, could exist by itself even if it was not supporting any 
physical universe.  It would then be just an ongoing expanse of the 
aetheric substance at its highest uniform density and maximum energy 
level.  In supporting our universe, particles coalesce some of that 
substance and energy.  This is the basis for the conversions possible 
between matter and energy.

  The aether is movable enough to transmit longitudinal waves, and rigid 
enough to transmit transverse waves.  Light bends around massive bodies 
due to the surrounding density gradients.  Density, energy, and pressure 
values in the aether are not absolute characteristics of the aether and 
are the variables that are affected and we see their effects here in the 
physical.  The aether does not move to adjust its gradient values in the 
drawdowns to zero.

  The fundamental, key important point is that the aether exists as an 
underlying absolute domain, and it has high nominal levels of energy, 
density, and pressure that would probably be uniform and constant across 
the domain if they were not affected in supporting the existence of our 
universe.  

  To think of the universe as "filled with aether" tends to render the 
aether a subservient medium, and it is not.  It is more important and 
basic than that. The aetheric energy, density, and pressure are affected 
by the aether's support of the material of the physical universe.  The 
basic effect is to reduce those values the most where they are close to a 
massive body being supported by the aether.  This yields the changes to 
time, manifested space, and the bending of light around bodies that we 
see here.

  The absolute unmoving nature of the aether is not what we can detect 
in the physical laboratory with something like a Michelson-Morley 
experiment.  The adjustments defined by Special Relativity need to be 
applied.  The key is that the pressure and density gradients in the 
aether are factors we necessarily detect indirectly here in the physical. 
Those gradients do not force a change in the aether to move to eliminate 
the differentials. The nominal energy, pressure, and density in the 
aether are so high that some of the effects here that are due to the 
aether supporting the physical can be seen only in extreme conditions, of 
high velocity for example, or light bending around a massive body, or the 
dark matter question.

  The fifth century B.C. Greek philosopher and dramatist Euripedes 
recognized the need for a unifying medium that was more than empty 
space.  He saw this postulated medium as being the basis for all things, 
suggesting a spiritual origin for the aether.  Decartes was perhaps the 
first modern philosopher-mathematician to hypothesize an aether that 
was responsible for the transmission of light, electro-magnetic 
propagation, and also gravitation.

  Newton thought the idea of Action-At-A-Distance "absurd", as he called 
it, but the notion of an aether clashed with his corpuscular theory of 
light, and his writings on an aether are vague and inconclusive.  Later 
scientists proposed modifications to account for the contrasting theories 
of the nature of light, whether it was of a corpuscular nature or a wave 
nature.  By the 19th century most concerned scientists accepted the idea 
of the aether as the conducting medium, although its mechanics were not 
understood. 

  The ongoing human aversion to the idea of Action-At-A-Distance and 
the incomplete solutions offered by the theories of fields and field 
effects have led to bizarre proposals like particle exchange.  The 
enduring idea for two and a half thousand years has been that of the 
aetheric medium, and many differing notions of this aether and its 
mechanics that have been proposed by past and present aether theorists.  
Something more substantial than "field effects" is obviously necessary.  
But all aether theories have had the deficiencies of supposing a universe 
"filled with aether" and/or incorrect aetheric mechanics proposed, or 
none except aether as the medium of light and electro-magnetic radiation.



          15. EINSTEIN and the AETHER 

  Nineteenth century scientists strongly appreciated the need for an 
aetheric medium not just for electromagnetic radiation transmission but 
for gravity and inertia as well.  Einstein redefined notions of space and 
time and rendered the aether a dead concept in the minds of most 
twentieth century physicists, although he himself never totally rejected 
it. Einstein was an aether theorist early on, but like all aether 
theorists thought of the universe as "filled with aether".  He searched 
for the Unified Field and did not find it because he looked within the 
physical universe.  In the physical universe we do not see the absolute, 
unmoving nature of the aether.  What we see is the manifested material 
that is the physical universe, and the perversions of space and time due 
to the changes in the aetheric densities and pressures that occur as the 
aether manifests the masses and their velocities.

  The unmoving absolute nature of the invisible aether that we do not 
detect is the ultimate basis for Einstein's conjecture that "The four-
dimensional space of the special theory of relativity is just as rigid 
and absolute as Newton's space."  With the corrections applied here in 
the physical universe, we arrive at an absolute space, as Einstein 
himself asserted.



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A.C.Gasser
Sylmar, California